what is calcium chloride？
Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound , a salt chlorine and calcium, constituted as a typical ionic halide. White characters , hard fragments or particles. Bitter, no foul. Calcium chloride, ammonia adsorption capacity and outstanding low temperature desorption has great application prospects in separation of ammonia adsorption . However, as difficult to form a stable calcium porous material , the ammonia gas and the contact area is small, and the adsorption and desorption process is easy expansion , agglomeration , thus making it difficult to put into practice in this regard. The calcium chloride supported on high surface area carrier, can greatly increase the contact area of calcium chloride and ammonia gas . Existing studies show that the composite adsorbent supported on calcium chloride prepared zeolite adsorption better performance and stability than single adsorbent.
Calcium chloride, a salt of calcium and chlorine constituted formula CaCl2. It is a typical ionic halide , at room temperature as a white solid. Common applications include refrigeration equipment it used in salt water, melting ice roads agent and desiccant. Because it is easy to absorb moisture in the air occurs deliquescence , it must be sealed and stored over anhydrous calcium chloride in the container. Solution of calcium chloride and its hydrates, and has important applications in many aspects of food manufacturing, building materials, medicine and biology.
Colorless cubic crystal, white or gray, grainy, cell block, spherical, irregular granular powder. Non-toxic, odorless, slightly bitter taste. Hygroscopic, easily deliquescence exposed to air. Soluble in water, and release a lot of heat (enthalpy of solution of calcium chloride for-176.2cal / g), which was slightly alkaline aqueous solution. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, acetic acid. With ammonia or ethanol effects were generated CaCl2 · 8NH3 and CaCl2 · 4C2H5OH complex. Crystallization solution is precipitated at low temperatures hexahydrate was gradually heated to 30 ℃, is dissolved in its own crystal water, and heating continued gradual evaporation of water, up to 200 ℃ into dihydrate, and then heated to 260 ℃ then becomes white porous anhydrous calcium chloride.
5% aqueous solution of pH 4.5 to 9.2. 1.7% aqueous solution isotonic with serum. The product is calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid for raw materials, as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
Medical purposes
Indications:
1 、The product can be used for colic and so on.
2 、can be used for itching of the skin .
3、 for rescue magnesium poisoning.
4 、for vitamin D deficiency rickets , osteomalacia , pregnant and lactating women calcium supplement.
5 、treatment of calcium deficiency , acute hypocalcemia , alkalosis and hypoparathyroidism due to tetany , vitamin D deficiency disorders ;
6 、allergic disorders ;
7 、 when rescue magnesium poisoning ;
8 、 fluorosis rescue ;
9 、 when cardiac resuscitation applications, such as hyperkalemia , hypocalcemia, or calcium channel blockers cause abnormal heart function rescue .
10 、calcium chloride solution can induce the polymerization of actin monomers and actin monomer concentration in the polymerization began and the critical concentration of the calcium chloride solution showed a sigmoidal function . Actin polymerization induced by binding of the specific mechanism of calcium and protein affected by the specific portion of the plurality of
Consumption usage :
Slow intravenous 5% calcium chloride solution 10-20ml, 25 % glucose solution diluted 1 -fold .
Note:
1、 When intravenously, may have a sense of body heat . Injection should be slow ( less than 2ml per minute ) , because calcium stimulate the heart , injecting too fast causes a sudden increase in calcium concentration , causing arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest .
2、 within 7 days after application of a strong period of cardiac glycosides or withdrawal , avoid using this product.
3、 there is a strong irritant , not directly intravenous 5% solution should be diluted with an equal amount before the injection of glucose solution . Also not suitable for skin or intramuscular injection .
4、 injections can not be missed in the extravascular otherwise lead to pain and tissue necrosis. If any leakage in the extravascular should immediately . 5% procaine solution for partial closure .
5 、pediatric dosage : When calcium treatment capacity of 25mg/kg (6.8mg calcium ) , slow intravenous infusion .
Specifications : injection: each 0.3g (10ml), 0.5g (10ml), 0,6 g (20ml), 1g (20ml) [21]
Pediatric Use:
Under normal circumstances, this product is not for children .
Adverse reactions:
Fever may have systemic intravenous injection , intravenous too fast can cause nausea , vomiting , cardiac arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest. Early hypercalcemia can be expressed as constipation, drowsiness , persistent headache , loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth , unusual thirst , showed late signs of mental disorder, high blood pressure , eye and skin sensitivity to light, nausea . [ 22 ]
In the study of biology and medicine , and is widely used in the preparation of biomedical calcium assay buffer required for the preparation of CaCl2 was added to the egg is separated in such a study for the novel potassium channel activator compound when in studies in bacteria and archaea against fluoride toxicity for fluoride riboswitches ; ND96 stock solution oocytes ; using CaCl2 in the study of guanylyl cyclase C on midbrain dopamine neurons in brain slice preparation of the experimental function with 1mmol / L CaCl2 concentration in series labeled experiments.
In the destination cell receptor gene into the process , you can use calcium chloride to increase the permeability of cell membrane receptors , making it easier to import the plasmid , this method is used by Stanford University geneticist Stanley Norman Cohen E. coli found in the study in 1972 .
By intravenous injection of 10% calcium chloride solution can be used for the treatment of hypocalcemia , magnesium chloride can also be used for the treatment of poisoning . ECG measurements by injecting calcium chloride solution can be found to fight against cardiac toxicity. In the case of hyperkalemia caused by a high concentration of serum potassium , calcium can protect the myocardium against arrhythmias role. Calcium chloride as ordinary medicine American Hospital emergency rooms can be used for rapid treatment of calcium channel blocker poisoning ( such poisoning prevention of heart disease by taking the drug diltiazem䓬produce side effects triggered ) and caused by the hydrofluoric acid poisoning, but poisoning caused by the bite of the black widow spider is no effective detoxification. Calcium chloride, sodium bromide injection in China approved by the State Food and Drug Administration drug use as a water and electrolyte regulation .
Drier
Granular anhydrous calcium chloride filled drying tube is often used as a drying agent , calcium chloride dried kelp (or kelp ) can be used to produce soda ash . Some home dehumidifier uses such as DampRid absorb calcium chloride moisture in the air . Calcium chloride may also be used as a gas and an organic liquid dehydrating agent or desiccant . Since calcium chloride is neutral , so it may be dried acidic or basic gas and an organic liquid , the system can also take a small amount laboratory gas such as nitrogen , oxygen , hydrogen , hydrogen chloride , sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide when drying out of these gases . But not used to dry ethanol and ammonia, and ammonia , respectively, because ethanol reacts with calcium chloride to generate compound CaCl2 · 4C2H5OH alcohol and ammonia compounds CaCl2 · 8NH3. Anhydrous calcium chloride can also be made from household products used for air hygroscopic agent , anhydrous calcium chloride as a water absorbent dressing has been FDA approved for aid, its role is to ensure that at a dry wound .
Spreading the anhydrous calcium chloride in a gravel surface, the use of anhydrous calcium chloride in the hygroscopic condensing air humidity below the dew point of moisture in the air to keep the wet road surface , thereby controlling the dust on the road Raising .
Deicers and cooling bath
Calcium chloride can reduce the freezing point of water , paved roads sprinkle calcium hydrate to prevent icing and de-icing snow , but snow melted salt will destroy the soil and vegetation along the road and make concrete deterioration .
Calcium chloride solution can be formulated after mixing cold and dry ice cooling bath . The rod- saline solution was added portionwise to ice in the ice until the date appears in the system . Different types and concentrations of salt solution can maintain a stable temperature of the cooling bath will vary . Calcium chloride is a salt generally used raw materials, by adjusting the concentration to achieve the desired temperature stability is not only cheap and readily available as calcium chloride , calcium chloride solution and because the eutectic temperature ( i.e., the formation of condensation all of the particulate was ice midnight salt temperature ) is quite low , to achieve -51.0 ℃, can be adjusted such that the temperature range from 0 ℃ to -51 ℃. The method may be able to play in a Dewar flask to achieve thermal effect , the Dewar can be limited while at the same volume requires more salt formulated when using the general solution to a plastic container containing the cooling bath , the temperature in this case to maintain the same stable .
Sources of calcium ions
Add swimming pool water so that water can become calcium chloride pH buffer solution while increasing the hardness of the water , doing the concrete wall can be less subject to erosion. According to Le Chatelier's principle and the common ion effect , increasing the water will slow dissolution of the calcium ion concentration in concrete structures essential for calcium compounds.
In the marine aquarium water by adding calcium chloride to increase the water content of bioavailable calcium , aquarium farmed molluscs and cnidarians will use it to form a calcium carbonate shell. Although the use of calcium hydroxide or calcium reactor can achieve the same purpose , but in comparison the fastest way to add calcium chloride is also the effect of pH on the water minimal.
Food
As a food ingredient , calcium sequestering agents may play a role and a curing agent , which has been approved by the European Union as a food additive to allow , E is encoded as E509. By the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as " generally recognized as safe substances " (Generally recognized as safe, abbreviated as GRAS). It is estimated that per capita daily intake of calcium food additives 160-345 mg.
Calcium chloride as a curing agent for canned vegetables. It also enables the formation of soy bean curd cured , but also as a raw material for cooking molecular gastronomy by reaction with sodium alginate gel so that the surface of vegetables and fruit juices to form similar to caviar -like balls . As the electrolyte added to sports drinks or some soft drinks including bottled water. Since calcium chloride itself has a very strong salty so can be used in place of salt pickled cucumber production without increasing the sodium content of the food effect . Calcium chloride can lower the freezing point of the property is filled with a caramel chocolate caramel bars are used to retard freezing .
In the absence of minerals in beer brewing liquid calcium chloride is added , because calcium is one of the minerals most influential beer brewing process in nature, it will affect the acidic wort and yeast play a role played affected. And calcium chloride to give the beer brewed to bring sweetness.
Other aspects of
Hydrated calcium chloride can be used as solid phase change material. Since the melting point such as calcium chloride hexahydrate 30 ℃, heat of fusion ( i.e., the material from the solid phase to a liquid phase at the same temperature the heat absorbed in the process ) reaches 190 KJ / mol, and therefore can be used as low-temperature waste heat recovery for industrial solar radiation absorbed by the heat , but it all inorganic hydrated salts with phase change material is similar , there are serious problems of supercooling ( undercooling of its 20 ° C), need to join to add a nucleating agent overcome.
Calcium plays to help accelerate the effect of the initial set in concrete , but the chloride ions can cause steel corrosion , so calcium can not be used for reinforced concrete . Its hygroscopic anhydrous calcium chloride can give concrete provide a degree of moisture.
Calcium chloride is also of plastics and additives in fire extinguishers , as a filter aid in waste water treatment , as an additive in a blast furnace to control the raw material so as to avoid aggregation and adhesion of the charge settlement , play a role in the fabric softener in the diluent .
Exothermic nature of dissolved calcium chloride is used in making it self-heating cans and heating pads .
Petroleum industry, for increasing the solids-free calcium chloride brine density can be added to the water phase of the emulsion drilling fluid to inhibit swelling clay . As the melting point of the flux as a flux to reduce the role played in the production process of sodium chloride in the molten electrolysis David . When will the production of ceramic material composition as one of calcium chloride , which causes the clay particles suspended in the solution , so that when grouting with clay particles easier .
Indications:
1 The product can be used for colic and so on.
2 can be used for itching of the skin .
3 for rescue magnesium poisoning.
4 for vitamin D deficiency rickets , osteomalacia , pregnant and lactating women calcium supplement.
5, treatment of calcium deficiency , acute hypocalcemia , alkalosis and hypoparathyroidism due to tetany , vitamin D deficiency disorders ;
6 , allergic disorders ;
7 , when rescue magnesium poisoning ;
8 , fluorosis rescue ;
9 , when cardiac resuscitation applications, such as hyperkalemia , hypocalcemia, or calcium channel blockers cause abnormal heart function rescue .
10 , calcium chloride solution can induce the polymerization of actin monomers and actin monomer concentration in the polymerization began and the critical concentration of the calcium chloride solution showed a sigmoidal function . Actin polymerization induced by binding of the specific mechanism of calcium and protein affected by the specific portion of the plurality of
Consumption usage :
Slow intravenous 5% calcium chloride solution 10-20ml, 25 % glucose solution diluted 1 -fold .
Note:
1 When intravenously, may have a sense of body heat . Injection should be slow ( less than 2ml per minute ) , because calcium stimulate the heart , injecting too fast causes a sudden increase in calcium concentration , causing arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest .
2 within 7 days after application of a strong period of cardiac glycosides or withdrawal , avoid using this product.
3 there is a strong irritant , not directly intravenous 5% solution should be diluted with an equal amount before the injection of glucose solution . Also not suitable for skin or intramuscular injection .
4 injections can not be missed in the extravascular otherwise lead to pain and tissue necrosis. If any leakage in the extravascular should immediately . 5% procaine solution for partial closure .
5 , pediatric dosage : When calcium treatment capacity of 25mg/kg (6.8mg calcium ) , slow intravenous infusion .
Specifications : injection: each 0.3g (10ml), 0.5g (10ml), 0,6 g (20ml), 1g (20ml) [21]
Pediatric Use:
Under normal circumstances, this product is not for children .
Adverse reactions:
Fever may have systemic intravenous injection , intravenous too fast can cause nausea , vomiting , cardiac arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest. Early hypercalcemia can be expressed as constipation, drowsiness , persistent headache , loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth , unusual thirst , showed late signs of mental disorder, high blood pressure , eye and skin sensitivity to light, nausea . [ 22 ]
In the study of biology and medicine , and is widely used in the preparation of biomedical calcium assay buffer required for the preparation of CaCl2 was added to the egg is separated in such a study for the novel potassium channel activator compound when in studies in bacteria and archaea against fluoride toxicity for fluoride riboswitches ; ND96 stock solution oocytes ; using CaCl2 in the study of guanylyl cyclase C on midbrain dopamine neurons in brain slice preparation of the experimental function with 1mmol / L CaCl2 concentration in series labeled experiments.
In the destination cell receptor gene into the process , you can use calcium chloride to increase the permeability of cell membrane receptors , making it easier to import the plasmid , this method is used by Stanford University geneticist Stanley Norman Cohen E. coli found in the study in 1972 .
By intravenous injection of 10% calcium chloride solution can be used for the treatment of hypocalcemia , magnesium chloride can also be used for the treatment of poisoning . ECG measurements by injecting calcium chloride solution can be found to fight against cardiac toxicity. In the case of hyperkalemia caused by a high concentration of serum potassium , calcium can protect the myocardium against arrhythmias role. Calcium chloride as ordinary medicine American Hospital emergency rooms can be used for rapid treatment of calcium channel blocker poisoning ( such poisoning prevention of heart disease by taking the drug diltiazem䓬produce side effects triggered ) and caused by the hydrofluoric acid poisoning, but poisoning caused by the bite of the black widow spider is no effective detoxification. Calcium chloride, sodium bromide injection in China approved by the State Food and Drug Administration drug use as a water and electrolyte regulation .
Drier
Granular anhydrous calcium chloride filled drying tube is often used as a drying agent , calcium chloride dried kelp (or kelp ) can be used to produce soda ash . Some home dehumidifier uses such as DampRid absorb calcium chloride moisture in the air . Calcium chloride may also be used as a gas and an organic liquid dehydrating agent or desiccant . Since calcium chloride is neutral , so it may be dried acidic or basic gas and an organic liquid , the system can also take a small amount laboratory gas such as nitrogen , oxygen , hydrogen , hydrogen chloride , sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide when drying out of these gases . But not used to dry ethanol and ammonia, and ammonia , respectively, because ethanol reacts with calcium chloride to generate compound CaCl2 · 4C2H5OH alcohol and ammonia compounds CaCl2 · 8NH3. Anhydrous calcium chloride can also be made from household products used for air hygroscopic agent , anhydrous calcium chloride as a water absorbent dressing has been FDA approved for aid, its role is to ensure that at a dry wound .
Spreading the anhydrous calcium chloride in a gravel surface, the use of anhydrous calcium chloride in the hygroscopic condensing air humidity below the dew point of moisture in the air to keep the wet road surface , thereby controlling the dust on the road Raising .
Deicers and cooling bath
Calcium chloride can reduce the freezing point of water , paved roads sprinkle calcium hydrate to prevent icing and de-icing snow , but snow melted salt will destroy the soil and vegetation along the road and make concrete deterioration .
Calcium chloride solution can be formulated after mixing cold and dry ice cooling bath . The rod- saline solution was added portionwise to ice in the ice until the date appears in the system . Different types and concentrations of salt solution can maintain a stable temperature of the cooling bath will vary . Calcium chloride is a salt generally used raw materials, by adjusting the concentration to achieve the desired temperature stability is not only cheap and readily available as calcium chloride , calcium chloride solution and because the eutectic temperature ( i.e., the formation of condensation all of the particulate was ice midnight salt temperature ) is quite low , to achieve -51.0 ℃, can be adjusted such that the temperature range from 0 ℃ to -51 ℃. The method may be able to play in a Dewar flask to achieve thermal effect , the Dewar can be limited while at the same volume requires more salt formulated when using the general solution to a plastic container containing the cooling bath , the temperature in this case to maintain the same stable .
Sources of calcium ions
Add swimming pool water so that water can become calcium chloride pH buffer solution while increasing the hardness of the water , doing the concrete wall can be less subject to erosion. According to Le Chatelier's principle and the common ion effect , increasing the water will slow dissolution of the calcium ion concentration in concrete structures essential for calcium compounds.
In the marine aquarium water by adding calcium chloride to increase the water content of bioavailable calcium , aquarium farmed molluscs and cnidarians will use it to form a calcium carbonate shell. Although the use of calcium hydroxide or calcium reactor can achieve the same purpose , but in comparison the fastest way to add calcium chloride is also the effect of pH on the water minimal.
Food
As a food ingredient , calcium sequestering agents may play a role and a curing agent , which has been approved by the European Union as a food additive to allow , E is encoded as E509. By the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as " generally recognized as safe substances " (Generally recognized as safe, abbreviated as GRAS). It is estimated that per capita daily intake of calcium food additives 160-345 mg.
Calcium chloride as a curing agent for canned vegetables. It also enables the formation of soy bean curd cured , but also as a raw material for cooking molecular gastronomy by reaction with sodium alginate gel so that the surface of vegetables and fruit juices to form similar to caviar -like balls . As the electrolyte added to sports drinks or some soft drinks including bottled water. Since calcium chloride itself has a very strong salty so can be used in place of salt pickled cucumber production without increasing the sodium content of the food effect . Calcium chloride can lower the freezing point of the property is filled with a caramel chocolate caramel bars are used to retard freezing .
In the absence of minerals in beer brewing liquid calcium chloride is added , because calcium is one of the minerals most influential beer brewing process in nature, it will affect the acidic wort and yeast play a role played affected. And calcium chloride to give the beer brewed to bring sweetness.
Other aspects of
Hydrated calcium chloride can be used as solid phase change material. Since the melting point such as calcium chloride hexahydrate 30 ℃, heat of fusion ( i.e., the material from the solid phase to a liquid phase at the same temperature the heat absorbed in the process ) reaches 190 KJ / mol, and therefore can be used as low-temperature waste heat recovery for industrial solar radiation absorbed by the heat , but it all inorganic hydrated salts with phase change material is similar , there are serious problems of supercooling ( undercooling of its 20 ° C), need to join to add a nucleating agent overcome.
Calcium plays to help accelerate the effect of the initial set in concrete , but the chloride ions can cause steel corrosion , so calcium can not be used for reinforced concrete . Its hygroscopic anhydrous calcium chloride can give concrete provide a degree of moisture.
Calcium chloride is also of plastics and additives in fire extinguishers , as a filter aid in waste water treatment , as an additive in a blast furnace to control the raw material so as to avoid aggregation and adhesion of the charge settlement , play a role in the fabric softener in the diluent .
Exothermic nature of dissolved calcium chloride is used in making it self-heating cans and heating pads .
Petroleum industry, for increasing the solids-free calcium chloride brine density can be added to the water phase of the emulsion drilling fluid to inhibit swelling clay . As the melting point of the flux as a flux to reduce the role played in the production process of sodium chloride in the molten electrolysis David . When will the production of ceramic material composition as one of calcium chloride , which causes the clay particles suspended in the solution , so that when grouting with clay particles easier .
Chemical reaction equation
Soluble calcium can be used to deploy a number of water-insoluble precipitate calcium compounds:
3 CaCl2 (aq) + 2 K3PO4 (aq) → Ca3 (PO4) 2 (s) + 6 KCl (aq)
After the electrolysis of pure calcium chloride can be drawn:
CaCl2 → Ca (s) + Cl2 (g)
Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound , a salt chlorine and calcium, constituted as a typical ionic halide. White characters , hard fragments or particles. Bitter, no foul. Calcium chloride, ammonia adsorption capacity and outstanding low temperature desorption has great application prospects in separation of ammonia adsorption . However, as difficult to form a stable calcium porous material , the ammonia gas and the contact area is small, and the adsorption and desorption process is easy expansion , agglomeration , thus making it difficult to put into practice in this regard. The calcium chloride supported on high surface area carrier, can greatly increase the contact area of calcium chloride and ammonia gas . Existing studies show that the composite adsorbent supported on calcium chloride prepared zeolite adsorption better performance and stability than single adsorbent.
Calcium chloride, a salt of calcium and chlorine constituted formula CaCl2. It is a typical ionic halide , at room temperature as a white solid. Common applications include refrigeration equipment it used in salt water, melting ice roads agent and desiccant. Because it is easy to absorb moisture in the air occurs deliquescence [ 5 ] , it must be sealed and stored over anhydrous calcium chloride in the container. Solution of calcium chloride and its hydrates, and has important applications in many aspects of food manufacturing, building materials, medicine and biology.
